Genotype–Environment Interaction and Stability of Pepino Melon under Abiotic Stress: A Multi‑Region Review of AMMI and GGE Approaches

Abstract

This review focuses on pepino melon adaptability across diverse environments, emphasizing genotype-environment interactions and AMMI model analysis. It identifies significant variability in genotype performance depending on environmental conditions, highlighting specific genotypes with stable yield and adaptability. The AMMI model effectively captures interaction patterns, aiding selection of resilient pepino melon varieties. These findings support targeted breeding for enhanced environmental suitability.This review synthesizes research on pepino melon adaptability in different environments, genotype-environment interaction, and AMMI model analysis to address the complexity of genotype performance stability under variable agroecological conditions. The review aimed to evaluate adaptability across diverse environments, benchmark statistical models with emphasis on AMMI, identify key phenotypic and genotypic traits linked to stability, compare genotype assessment methods, and analyze environmental stress impacts. Literature was selected based on multi-environment trials and advanced statistical analyses, focusing on studies from Mediterranean, South American, North African, and Asian regions, employing AMMI, GGE biplot, and related models. Findings reveal that AMMI and GGE biplot effectively partition genotype, environment, and interaction effects, identifying stable genotypes with consistent yield and quality traits, though limitations exist in handling data heterogeneity and environmental covariates. Phenotypic traits such as yield components, soluble solids, and physiological parameters correlate strongly with adaptability, while molecular insights into stress tolerance remain under integrated with GEI modeling. Abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, and temperature significantly modulate genotype responses, yet combined stress effects and their genetic bases are insufficiently explored. Comparative analyses indicate no consensus on optimal stability assessment methods, highlighting the need for integrated multi-trait and multi environment approaches. Collectively, these findings underscore the necessity for comprehensive models combining phenotypic, molecular, and environmental data to enhance breeding strategies for resilient pepino melon cultivars across diverse agroecological zones.